This paper presents five cases representing fluoride problems - damage to farmlands, fruits, forests and indigenous plant life, and to farm animals and humans. The first and second cases concern about the aluminium smelters near Fort William and Kinlochleven in Scotland and in Troutdale, Oregon...

The Karoline model described in this study is a whole-animal cow model intended to be used by the advisory services in the Nordic countries, i.e. Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. Karoline is a dynamic, deterministic and mechanistic simulation model of lactating dairy cows. It consists...

This book describes, analyses, and evaluates Scandinavian ecotourism. It includes overviews of the state of ecotourism development in Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Iceland and focuses on aspects of sustainability, among others. This book will appeal to researchers and students of ecotourism. It has...

Given Iceland's primary nature-based tourism product, this chapter seeks to understand tourists' fascination with Iceland and discusses whether the island should be understood in tourism terms as a nature, adventure or ecotourism destination. It is pointed out that Iceland could be conceptualized...

This book, which contains 8 chapters, provides a framework for the general public, forest managers and policy makers to understand what factors need to be included when working towards using and protecting the world's forests so that they can be sustained. Topics covered include: historical...

This paper discusses how historically humans have selectively used forests in some biomes compared with others because they provided more resources to clothe, feed and build houses for humans. Case studies are included that go into more depth about some aspects of the topic discussed: community...

Arctic tourism plays an increasingly significant role in the local and national economies of the eight nations (Canada, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the USA) that ring the Arctic region. This chapter outlines each nation's approach to Arctic tourism development,...

This book presents edited contributions to the Conference on Implementing the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries, organized by the Nordic Council of Ministers and the Governments of Iceland and Norway, with technical support of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, held in ...

The highlights of the Bergen Conference on implementing the ecosystem approach to fisheries held in Bergen, Norway on 26-28 September 2006 was discussed in this chapter. The Bergen Conference was a follow-up to the Reykjavik Conference in 2001 and was organized by the Nordic Council of Ministers...

Managers and fisheries scientists providing advice have, for many years, discussed and argued definitions of an ecosystem-based approach to marine fisheries. The Reykjavik Conference on Responsible Fisheries in the Marine Ecosystem held in 2001 concluded that there was no reason to wait, since many ...