The types of private legal rights (intellectual property rights) available for inventors and breeders for their contributions to agricultural technology are described. The most significant legal rights to the results of agricultural breeding and research programmes can be categorized as: trade...

Following an introduction, sections cover: the protection of plant fluoride ; the new European directive on the protection of Biological invention; the release of genetically modified organisms in the European Union; and the future development of a European gene market.

The institutional and theoretical bases of intellectual property rights (IPR) under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) are considered. The scope and applicability of IPR to genetic resources are reviewed and the use of access legislation as a means of controlling the use of genetic...

The components of the checks and balances of patent systems are outlined and a plant breeders' rights (PBR) system structured on the patent system is presented, with adjustments made for technical and institutional differences between the two. The requirements of the International Convention for...

Sections cover: the CGAIR's relationship with intellectual property; alleged violations of the 1994 agreements 1997\98; issues raised by alleged violations CGAIR response to the allegations; and outstanding issues (guiding principles, material transfer agreements, and other outstanding intellectual ...

Basic economic principles associated with intellectual property rights are addressed and related to the growing policy concerns of the public sector agricultural sciences. Six sections: review the technical aspects of the major IPRs; discuss single economy invention cases; introduce intellectual...

Market potential and institutional barriers associated with farmers' rights are reviewed. Problems associated with joint ownership are discussed and it is suggested that a monopoly is required which acts in the best interests of all landowners; the monopoly would be allowed to sell samples, the...

Background to the changes in the international research environment brought by advances in biotechnology including production of transgenic crops and changes in intellectual property rights is presented. Concerns regarding these changes amongst different participants in crop breeding are outlined....

Some of the institutional arrangements for the generation and transfer of knowledge in the USA are reviewed. There implications for the evolution and performance and agricultural biotechnology are assessed. Policy recommendations and proposals for institutional changes are presented. The major...

The efficiency of public and private research for the management of a given research activity in agriculture is compared. Following an introduction sections cover; the static criteria based on the non-rivalry and the appropriation properties; and the dynamic criteria based on the accumulation and...