Cattle activity or grazing sensu lato can be subdivided into three components: dung deposition, herbage removal (foraging or grazing sensu stricto) and trampling. All these actions modify vegetation. Our purpose was to observe the medium-scale distributions of dung-pat density, trampling effect and ...

The shrubland communities of Erica ciliaris and Erica tetralix, as in other types of West European shrublands, are so linked to human activity that the abandonment of their traditional uses in recent times has altered their areas. These communities form part of the typical mountain mosaic landscape ...