This chapter examines tourism policy and planning documents of alpine, Arctic and subarctic regions in terms of: (i) the challenges and trends in European winter tourism; (ii) the planned regional responses to those challenges and trends; and (iii) the future of European winter tourism from a...

There is mounting evidence that climate change will facilitate biological invasions. Regarding alien species relevant for human health, climate change can modify their impacts by altering the likelihood of their introduction, establishment, distribution and abundance, the scale of impacts and...

This chapter focuses on cold adaptation in freshwater fish, and especially how predicted climate change may alter the winter environment and conditions in streams and lakes, and how selected freshwater fish are likely to respond. Consequently, geographical research is restricted to high latitude...