Good stockpersons and animal managers have always used the behaviour of animals as a guide to their health and welfare. Behaviour also plays a key role in the scientific study of animal welfare, for two main reasons. First, it is one of the most easily observed indicators, and essential information ...

Concern for animal welfare stems from the recognition that animals are sentient beings capable of experiencing negative emotions like fear, pain and frustration. Fear is a major emotion determining how animals perceive and respond to their social and physical environment. We tackle three main...

Captivity often restricts animals' abilities to perform natural behaviour and explore novel stimuli. Here, we review how this constraint affects psychological welfare by preventing the meeting of motivations. One means by which this happens is through frustrating specific motivations pertaining to...