The objective of the article was to describe the effectieve sensory evaluation and profilling of cider done by sensory evaluation panelists or by calibrated instruments.

This chapter focuses on the importance of accurate measurements for the description and identification of nematodes. Differences, albeit small yet consistent, can, if accurately recorded, be important for distinguishing taxa at the species level, although the usefulness and reliability of these...

In the past, bees have usually been trained by a method that in detail was unique for each investigator, some of whom used quite different arrangements and sizes of the display. The standard method of encouraging the bees to search and look at the display, invented by Lubbock, Turner, and again by...

This chapter gives an overview of the application of SWAT for ecohydrological modelling in Germany. Because of its importance related to the application of Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) in Europe and Germany, the next section gives an overview on the WFD programme, followed by the...

This study aims to calibrate and validate hydrological processes on a long-term continuous basis at a total of seven monitoring gauges, including the drainage outlet of the Illinois River Drainage Area in Arkansas (IRDAA). The study watershed is also of interstate concern for the EPA owing to a...

This chapter focuses on temperature sensors that generate digital signals readily used for online monitoring and automatic temperature control. The following are discussed for commonly used sensors (resistance thermometers, thermocouples, fibre-optic thermometers, sonic thermometers, and infrared...

Standards and measurements used in plant pathology research, particularly research under laboratory and controlled conditions, are reviewed.

The Stand Damage Model (SDM) is a PC-based model that is easily installed, calibrated and initialized for use in exploring the future growth and management of forest stands or small wood lots. We compare the basic individual tree growth model incorporated in this model with alternative models that...

This chapter presents a mechanistic dynamic model that aims to predict variations of protein and lipid contents of beef cattle carcass. Proteins and lipids in carcass and non-carcass tissues have been distinguished to account for the different energy metabolism of these two components of the body....