This chapter discusses the adaptability and resilience of the phenomenon of pilgrimage. This was particularly evident during the pandemic crisis. Alternative forms of pilgrimages, such as spiritual pilgrimage, virtual pilgrimage and hyper-real reality, replacements of travellers, and creation of...

This concluding chapter suggests that the coronavirus crisis and its consequences can be considered from the perspective of chaos theory. This proposes that chaotic systems - including tourism - although subject to periods of disorder or chaos, inevitably self-organize into a new form of order and...

This chapter provides definitions of crisis and crisis management and discusses the theoretical foundations of crisis management in tourism. Strategic management insights are intertwined with crisis management, and crisis management research in tourism is explored.

This chapter considers the causes of crises, their impact on tour operators, and the application of suitable processes for the management of those impacts. Initially it addresses major incidents that can be termed crises and subsequently examines the management of minor small-scale incidents which...

Although still controversial, several reviews of research show that organic foods are more nutritious and contain fewer poisons than conventional foods. Poor food choices lead to low dietary diversity, and refined foods have many nutrients removed; low nutrient density and high sugars, salts and...

This chapter first revisits digital tourism ecosystems in the destination context, moving on to explain the development of destination management systems (DMSs), their functionality, information content and organizational structure. The chapter then discusses how destinations utilize websites and...

The structure of this 3rd edition remains the same, with the exception of a whole new Part IV dealing with the 'New Business Ecosystem and Stakeholder-Driven Strategy'. All the 20 chapters have been updated or are totally new contributions. Part I ('Tourism Environment, Economic Development,...

This volume sets out to explore the dialectic relating agriculture, crisis and conflict, and attempts to expand the knowledge on these interactions. Part 1 of the volume (chapters 1-6) discusses thematic issues and methodological approaches to understanding the intersection of agriculture, crisis...

This chapter looks at the geopolitical dynamics of food supplies. It analyses the historic importance of agricultural production and trade for urbanization, state-building and warfare, looking at examples from ancient times and various food regimes since the 19th century. With the 2008 global food...

This book aims to present a substantive foundation for the study and understanding of tour operators and their practice. It consists of 13 chapters covering the development of the package holiday, the operating environment for tour operators, product development, small and medium-sized tour...