This chapter contains questions about the history of applied ecology and conservation along with others concerned with some basic principles.

This part of the book contains the key to each question from every chapter, along with a brief explanation of why this is correct and, in some cases, what the distracters mean.

The growth in interest in urban ecology is well founded given patterns of human migration in the past century, migration that continues to accelerate along with other drivers of change in the Anthropocene. This chapter provides information on urban ecology, such as growth and rationale, physical...

This chapter contains questions about the history of ecology, historically important scientists who have made significant contributions to the science, along with some basic terminology and founding principles.

This chapter contains questions about the physical factors in the environment and their measurement.

This chapter contains questions about the acquisition of energy by ecosystems, its fate within them, and the influence this has on ecosystem structure and functioning.

This chapter contains questions about the role of nutrients in organisms, their cycling between the biological and physical components of the environment, and the hydrological cycle.

This chapter contains questions about the methods used by ecologists to sample and measure the biological components of ecosystems, and the statistical analysis of ecological data.

This paper focuses on the taxonomy, evolution, morphological characteristics, ecology, importance and geographical distribution of the hymenopteran family Eriaporidae. A checklist of members of the Iranian Eriaporidae is also provided.

Urban ecology began as a biological science practised within cities. As such, it sought out forests, abandoned or undeveloped land, meadows and surface waters as analogues of the places outside of cities where ecologists had worked for decades. In 1997, the call for proposals by the National...