This chapter contains example of pests species feeding on leaves. Leaf pests comprise a big section of biters, either munchers or miners, and a small section of suckers that are mainly apical and use their sophisticated mouthparts to tap into the plant's vascular system.

Food webs are fundamental in much of ecology and there has been a steady increase in studying their structure and properties over the past 50 years, nowadays often utilizing molecular methods too. First, this chapter will create code to draw a food web, then it will introduce the package cheddar....

Within Hymenoptera, the superfamily Chalcidoidea (chalcidoid wasps) is the second largest superfamily after Ichneumonoidea. Because of the preponderance of parasitoid species, Chalcidoidea is one of the most important groups in applied biological control. This book provides a comprehensive,...

This chapter provides a checklist for the family Eulophidae. It provides information on species diversity, host records, distribution records by province in Iran, as well as world distribution. Comparison of the eulophid fauna of Iran with adjacent countries indicates that the faunas of Russia (666 ...

This chapter provides a checklist for the family Eupelmidae. It provides information on species diversity, host records, distribution records by province in Iran, as well as world distribution. Comparison of the eupelmid fauna of Iran with adjacent countries indicates that the fauna of Iran (48...

This chapter provides a checklist for the family Megastigmidae. It provides information on species diversity, host records, distribution records by province in Iran, as well as world distribution. Comparison of the megastigmid fauna of Iran with adjacent countries indicates that the faunas of...

This chapter provides a checklist for the family Mymaridae. It provides information on species diversity, host records, distribution records by province in Iran, as well as world distribution. Comparison of the mymarid fauna of Iran with adjacent countries indicates that the fauna of Russia (104...

This chapter includes differential characters to distinguish the family Tetracampidae (Chalcidoidea), hypothesized phylogenetic relationships with other families, and general biological attributes of the family. Previous cataloguing efforts of the Iranian fauna for the family are summarized, as...

This chapter provides information on the various procedures and techniques used for the preparation of plant parasitic and soil nematode samples for transmission and scanning electron microscopy studies regarding their ultrastructural information, morphogenesis, nematode-host interactions,...