Organophosphorus (OP) compounds were developed as pesticides in the 1930s, including the discovery of the even more toxic compounds later called nerve agents. Newspapers in the Western world focus on the individual dissemination of nerve agents during the Iraq or Syrian war. In contrast, more than...

Organophosphate (OP) pesticides are one of the most widely used insecticides in the world and concern about the effects of OPs on human health has been growing as they are increasingly used throughout the world. The neurotoxic effects of high-level acute poisoning are well established, but the...

This chapter focuses on how transcriptomics has boosted research in pest science, the lessons it teaches and possible directions for future study. Some of the biggest areas for future research, i.e. transcriptome characterization of insect pests, invasive species and biological control agents,...

In this chapter the aetiology, clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment of miscellaneous conditions in raptors such as air sac rupture, anticoagulant toxicity, bumblefoot, cloacal prolapse, ectoparasite infestation, egg binding, electrocution, emaciation, head trauma, lead poisoning, metabolic and ...

This chapter argues that the strength of risk management measures can and should be tailored to the available scientific information. Treatments are applied to plants, plant products or other regulated articles to reduce the risk of introduction and spread of pests. Even though treatments,...

Biological control can be defined as the use of living organisms to suppress the population of a specific pest organism, making it less abundant or less damaging than it would otherwise be. This chapter provides information on the different biological agents (such as pathogens, predators,...

Legislation, regulations and voluntary codes are used at national and international levels to ensure good practice in pest management and to govern the safe use and availability of pest control products, the quality of food and other products that require treatment against pests and the...

Biological control with arthropod natural enemies and microbial control agents has been applied since the year 1895 in Latin America and the Caribbean and is currently used on a very large scale. Sources about the history and current situation of biocontrol in this region were not easy to trace and ...

Early classical biocontrol successes in Barbados, some in combination with natural control, were the control of: sugarcane borers, sugarcane mealybugs and West Indian cane fly in sugarcane; cottony cushion scale and citrus blackfly in citrus; coconut whitefly in palm; fall armyworm in vegetables...

Biological control was initiated in Guatemala in the 1990s, after costs for chemicals had increased substantially and had resulted in a drastic decrease in production of, for example, cotton and tomato. Most often, augmentative biocontrol is used in Guatemala. Examples of successful programmes are...