Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) is produced in certain industrial processes. Point exposure to high concentration of NO₂ (>100 ppm), such as in silo filler's disease and during chemical warfare, produces acute lung injury, and death in the worst cases. Acute exposure to lower concentration of NO₂ (0.5-15 ...

Organophosphorus (OP) compounds were developed as pesticides in the 1930s, including the discovery of the even more toxic compounds later called nerve agents. Newspapers in the Western world focus on the individual dissemination of nerve agents during the Iraq or Syrian war. In contrast, more than...

Organophosphate (OP) pesticides are one of the most widely used insecticides in the world and concern about the effects of OPs on human health has been growing as they are increasingly used throughout the world. The neurotoxic effects of high-level acute poisoning are well established, but the...

Two outbreaks of Minamata disease were observed mainly during the 1950s and mid-1970s, which was an era of rapid economic growth in Japan. In both cases, a large amount of methylmercury was discarded into the sea and rivers after secondary generation in acetaldehyde-synthesizing factories. Serious...

The reduction of childhood lead exposure in the USA is a public health success story, but lead is still one of the most widely encountered toxic metals in the world. To date, no safe blood lead threshold has been identified. The properties and availability of lead, a naturally occurring blue-grey...

Since the 1970s, the effect of cadmium perfusion on peak systolic contractility and cardiac atrioventricular conduction has been observed in rats and a growing body of evidence shows that cadmium exposure is associated with cardiovascular disease, including heart failure, in humans. However, few...

In this chapter the aetiology, clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment of miscellaneous conditions in raptors such as air sac rupture, anticoagulant toxicity, bumblefoot, cloacal prolapse, ectoparasite infestation, egg binding, electrocution, emaciation, head trauma, lead poisoning, metabolic and ...

Pesticides have been reported as contaminants of food products, fruits, vegetables and cereals, processed food, baby food and drinking water; they can be neurotoxic, immunotoxic or endocrine disruptors. This chapter discusses the toxicity and mode of action of neurotoxic and immunotoxic pesticides...

Mixtures of insecticides with different modes of action are usually considered very effective in resistance management programmes. In pesticide mixtures with different modes of action, one product or toxicant interferes with the metabolic detoxification of the other toxicant, thereby synergizing...

This chapter describes the negative effects of polychlorinated biphenyl pollution on marine animals and how to control it.