This chapter reviews frameworks that have been taken from outside the tourism literature and applied to destinations, with a particular emphasis on the relationships between multiple interdependent actors. Six sets of frameworks are discussed: industrial districts, clusters, networks, systems,...

This chapter argues that the perception of pro-poor tourism (PPT) as a distinct (and small scale) variant of tourism involves conceptual and substantive problems. There is, indeed, a place for such tourism but it is not and will never be the alternative to mass tourism, which will continue as the...

This chapter discusses the emergence of mass tourism, the general pattern of modern mass tourism, and the scholarly approaches to mass tourism. In the concluding section of the chapter, an outline of the key features of an ideal type of mass tourism is presented, in the hope that it can be used in...

This chapter introduces the concept of pilgrimage, and reviews different theories and perspectives to understand the motivations of pilgrims.

This chapter first outlines a trend of change in the image of animals in several disciplines, which indicates the emergence of a paradigmatic shift in the treatment of animals and their relations to humans. It then discusses the apparent deficiencies in the study of tourist-animal relations, and...

This book focuses on the structure of destinations and draws together two approaches: one dealing with the spatial structure of destinations, the other with their organizational structure. Each of these approaches provides the scope to consider a broad range of destination features. The spatial...

It took some time for the term destination to emerge in the literature and to be widely used. Moreover, as references to destinations became more frequent, differences developed in meaning and use. This trend is summarized in the first section of this chapter, which identifies commonly recurring...

This chapter establishes that the term 'paradigm' is inappropriately applied to tourism perspectives, which – despite claims to the contrary – have not been dominated by 'the discourse of authenticity'; rather, concepts initially developed by Western scholars studying Western tourism have...

This chapter provides a theoretical framework of pilgrimage based on values and identities. An overview of the concept of values and identity reveals their inter-relationships and importance in a person's choices. Religiosity could be measured by different dimensions and indicators. However, a...

This concluding chapter suggests that the coronavirus crisis and its consequences can be considered from the perspective of chaos theory. This proposes that chaotic systems - including tourism - although subject to periods of disorder or chaos, inevitably self-organize into a new form of order and...